Workplace Discrimination in the Canadian Police Essay

Police agencies are becoming more accustomed to hiring police officers of all cultures and ethnicities. However, like most careers an individual will choose to pursue there is always the possibility of them being discriminated against. A common type of discrimination police officers face is one based on their race or ethnicity. An officer is likely might experience racial discrimination in the form of harassment in the workplace. An example of this is a co-worker using racial slurs or unfavourable remarks towards an individual. Another form of discrimination in the workplace is the degrading of an individual based on their race or ethnicity, suggesting that their race or ethnicity is what got them here and not their hard work. Male and†¦show more content†¦An internal example of employment discrimination in the police workforce is the promotion of a male officer before a female officer, simply because he is a male. Even though the female officer does a better job than her counterpart and has superior credentials that are suitable for the promotion, there are still police departments out there that ignore these factors and give such promotions to male officer. Like employment discrimination, sexual discrimination is something both male and female officers’ face in the workforce, internally and externally. However, it is the female officer that is the more common victim to this rather than their male counterpart. An example of internal sexual discrimination would be a male officer telling there counterpart that â€Å"women have no right being in part of an organization that strongly relies on men to get the job done.† This may also be known as a form of sexual harassment toward a co-worker which is unacceptable in any job. An example of external sexual discrimination would be when a female officer arrives to the scene of a crime and the victim refuses to cooperate with them because of the fact that they were expecting assistance from someone of more masculinity, like a male officer. Ethically, if any of these scenarios were to happen to either gender of law enforcement, the best thing to do once more is set aside all emotions for the time being.Show MoreRelatedCode Of Ethics Within Policing1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe York Regional Police and The Canadian Nurses Association. The York Regional Police Service, formed on January 1, 1971, is consisted of 14 municipal police departments as well as the York County Security Police. Relatively new, the York Regional Police continue a tradition of police service that spans more than (200) two hundred years. Since 1971, York Region has grown at an extraordinary rate and today, the communities of York Region are served by more than 1,364 full-time police professionals andRead MoreImproving Workplace Opportunities For Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagescreating anti-discrimination laws that have performed a critical role in expanding workplace opportunities for women. However, these laws failed to guarantee workplace equality since female workers still face discrimination through significant pay gaps for similar job duties, lack of representation in boards and high paying positions, and also face sexual harassment at the workplace. Reports reveal that women still have a long way to go to achieve equality for themselves in their workplaces. More thanRead MoreDiscrimination, Policies, And The Gender Wage Gap1088 Words   |  5 Pages Discrimination, Policies, and The Gender Wage-Gap   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For decades, the gender wage-gap has been an ongoing issue in Canada. Since then, women’s rights have changed and allowed them to obtain career positions much like men. Although women have successfully fought for their rights, the issues of the gender wage gap, and sexist stereotypes continue in Canada. The Canadian Government needs to strengthen its discrimination policies so it can rectify and allow for equal opportunity, support parentalRead MoreCanadian Constitution Act of 19822240 Words   |  9 Pagesmyself thinking sociologically when I realized that equality in Canada is less practiced as what the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 claims. In this constitution, it is stated that every individual should be treated equally regardless of their race, ethnicity, colour, religion, sex, age, and any disability; however, in reality, individuals experience inequality in the form of racism throughout the Canadian society. For instance, a few months a go, a black male was asked to leave the St. Laurent shoppingRead MoreThe Canadian Labor Market Of Canada1274 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a very strong emphasis on human rights systems and laws to address discrimination in Canada. Unfortunately simultaneously, Canadians also have a heritage of racism. It is not targeted only at Aboriginal persons, contrary to a common belief; it is also targeted towards other groups also, consisting of Chinese, African, South Asian, Japanese, Muslim and Jewish Canadians. Even today the Canadian structures and systems are affected by this legacy distressing the lives of everyone and especiallyRead MoreA Brief Note On Global Gender Inequality Issues1334 Words   |  6 PagesNations set a target that government should make strategies to empower women and reduce their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS Women are prohibited of ownership of land by families. United Nations passed Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEFDAW) which provided women with freedom and protected their rights especially towards the ownership of inheritance Women only earned 77% of wage for the same amount of work what men do. Gender inequality in Canada is not allowedRead MoreDiscrimination Against Older Workers During The Labor Market Across Canada1762 Words   |  8 PagesDiscrimination against older workers is one of the forbidden grounds of discrimination in the labour market across Canada. Age discrimination affects an older adult’s career, advancements, opportunities, and privileges in the labour market. Furthermore, older adults tend to be marginalized, institutionalized, and stripped of responsibility, power, and their dignity (Nelson 208). The Canadian population is aging rapidly and that changes in the population age structure have led to considerable discussionRead MoreSteps to Improving the Socioeconomic Conditions of the Aboriginal Population in Canada1177 Words   |  5 Pages 2000). The issue of poverty is not without resolve. Awareness programs can be set up to educate the aboriginal peoples of the need for education. Low income and subsequent poverty are attributed to the lack of proper education. The aboriginal Canadians should be encouraged to complete their studies to land employment and hence a source of income (Wilson and MacDonald, 2000). The government should be pushed into making quality education accessible to the aboriginal communities. This would involveRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement2077 Words   |  9 Pagessocieties today. Racism and social inequality is present in regards to all skin colours, ethnicities and religions, however, in our modern western societies, racism is predominantly seen placed upon black African American citizens. In everyday Canadian community’s blacks are reputedly discriminated against though it may not always be face to face. In my essay I will discuss the Black Lives Matter movement and how it has educated and shined light onto the epidemic many of us thought was notRead MoreMidterm 1 Sample Multiple Choice Questions Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages a) Women and visible minorities are victims of systemic discrimination which can be overcome by programs designed to increase diversity; b) Women and visible minorities are victims of systemic discrimination and are given special treatment under the law; c) Women and visible minorities are victims of systemic discrimination which justifies reverse discrimination; d) Women and visible minorities are given equal opportunity in the workplace through programs designed to increase diversity; e) Both

Privacy And The Privacy Of Privacy - 1626 Words

Privacy is the ability to maintain what or who can access and see your personal content and information. With that, the idea of privacy is different amongst different cultures and countries, while they all differ, they share common characteristics. The act of sharing ones own personal information is decision one must make on their own. Privacy is a right that all people should have and the government has the responsibility of maintaining that right. Data such as personal emails, bank details, medical records, and passwords need to remain safe and secure to ensure privacy is not invaded. With the controversy of intrusion of privacy, this has forced various governments to make laws and clarifications of laws in multiple countries. For example, in the United States, the principle underlying meaning of the fourth and the Fifth Amendment is the protection against the invasion of the sanctity of a person’s home and the privacy of life. Now, there are more factors that go into privac y than, say 100 years ago.Between 1850 and 1890, the United States newspaper circulation increased by 1000% from 100 papers with only 800,000 readers to 900 papers with more than 8 million readers (Warren Brandeis). In earlier times, it was much easier to keep your business to yourself, but with the increase in journalism and increase in technology, it has become progressively harder to keep your privacy. Included in the advances of technology, the first handheld camera, which was lighter than theShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1803 Words   |  8 PagesFirstly, it would be a good idea to explain exactly what privacy is and then discuss the importance of privacy and some of the legal consequences that could arise when violating a patient’s privacy. I’ve always believed that privacy is one of the most important things when it comes to the patient s care. One of the main forms of privacy that I would like to discuss is, Informational privacy which is defined as the privacy of personal information and usually relates to personal data stored on computerRead MorePrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1735 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, the word â€Å"privacy† has become ubiquitous. When discussing whether government surveillance and data collection pose a threat to privacy, the most common retort against privacy advocates – by those in favor of databases, video surveillance, spyware, data mining and other modern surveillance measures – is this line: If I’m not doing anything wrong, what would I have to hide? The allowance of the government’s gathering and analysis of our personal information stems from an inadequateRead MorePrivacy : Privacy And Privacy1504 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy advocates warn that many Websites try to collect personal information from online users, but few guarantees how that data will be used. They say the federal government should establish standards to pro tect privacy online. But Internet businesses and others contend that they can safeguard users privacy without resorting to government interference. Law-enforcement agencies, meanwhile, favor government limitations on the use of sophisticated encryption technology, which makes online communicationsRead MorePrivacy : Privacy And Privacy1509 Words   |  7 Pages Privacy advocates warn that many websites try to collect personal information from online users, but few guarantees how that data will be used. They say the federal government should establish standards to protect privacy online. But Internet businesses and others contend that they can safeguard users privacy without resorting to government interference. Law-enforcement agencies, meanwhile, favor government limitations on the use of sophisticated encryption technology, which makes online communicationsRead MorePrivacy Issues : Privacy And Privacy Essay2250 Words   |  9 PagesPrivacy Privacy has been a thing for consideration ever since the early days and has even become more worrisome recently with the evolvement of information technology. Individuals around the world value their privacy and the protection of their personal information. Having a knowledge of who is accessing their information and what it is being used for. But with the recent and rapid evolvement of IT, information privacy is being threatened and individuals no longer possess the control over who hasRead MorePrivacy And The Right Of Privacy Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pagesright to access to information, individual’s privacy. There is free flow of data and information on web which provides a great threat to the right of privacy. So sharing personal information with web at any stake is not what one can consider as wise decision. Privacy is individuals condition of life which is kept safe from rest of the world or Privacy is the right to be left alone. Carl Landwehr in his article â€Å"Privacy and Security† states that, â€Å"privacy is preserved when in- formation remains withinRead MorePrivacy And The Right Of Privacy993 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone should have their own privacy in order to secure our personal and business. Most people do not like when some stranger is keep looking at you anything you do and talk. In 1984, that is called Big Brother is watching you through the telescreen. Telescreen can always see and hear whatever people are doing and privacy setting. There are no such as privacy and secrets because telescreens were everywhere such as streets, houses and restrooms. In 1984, the main character is Winston Smith who worksRead MoreFacebook Privacy And The Privacy Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pages Facebook Privacy As technology advances in social media websites such as Facebook (Facebook.com) have grown and become a platform for over 1.7 billion users around the world. Facebook may be used for many individuals to display their life on the internet and connect with others. Facebook being a part of many people s life opens a controversial topic about how some employers during job interviews will ask for a prospective employee s Facebook username and password. Many Facebook users may findRead MorePrivacy And Privacy In 19841630 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book 1984, by George Orwell, privacy was a very rare thing and not a lot of people were able to have it. The book was based in a city named Oceania, which was controlled by a totalitarian government with its leader being Big Brother. In this dystopia, the citizens have no control over their lives. Privacy was never fully granted by the totalitarian government. To make sure the citizens were being loyal to their government, they were constant ly being watched whether they liked it or not. TheyRead MorePrivacy Is The Right Of Privacy920 Words   |  4 Pagesnot contain reference to privacy, but privacy has been implied in the constitution. Originally, privacy is the right of everyone to be physically free from being observed or disturbed by other people. Technology has change the meaning of privacy when it became part of our daily life. Nowadays, one can be observed or disturbed through internet or any electronic devises. Privacy has become an issue for everyone when technology played a role on helping third party violate privacy; as a result, the constitution

My Best Friend Essay Free Essays

My Best friend. My best friend is a very special lady I grew up with, my sister Roberta. My sister Robert is two years younger than me, but everyone always assumes she is older than me. We will write a custom essay sample on My Best Friend Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now She always laughs at me when I tease her by saying it must be because I look younger than her. We have been there for each other through all the important milestones in our lives; from our wild and fun childhoods, to our first day of school, to the births of our first born children. My sister Roberta loves working and being outdoors when she can. She also loves building things and using power tools; sometimes I think she is half man and half woman. And she loves playing volleyball with a passion, when we play for fun or in any volleyball tournament; we always play on the same team. She was my maid of honor when I married my husband twelve years ago, when I walked up to the alter, she jokingly told my husband, â€Å"I’m giving her to you, and once your married, you can’t give her back ok. She made all of us laugh. She has been there for me and my husband and children when we needed help for anything. My sister has been there through the births of all my children, and she has seen me through the darkest times of my life when I lost two of my children and when I went through post-partum depression. She has always been a source of strength, and happiness throughout my life. There isn’t anything I wouldn’t do for my sister Roberta, as she has done so much for me. She calls me mom sometimes, because I am always looking out for her and everyone in my family after we lost our mother. We make sure we get together at least once or twice a week for a girls night of stories, jokes, movies and laughter, or when we travel somewhere, we try to travel together and we always have tons of fun. We are always joking around; there is never a dull moment when we are together. I thank the good Lord for blessing me with my awesome sister. How to cite My Best Friend Essay, Essay examples

The Gilded Age Essay Example For Students

The Gilded Age Essay The Regulators of North Carolina: Outraged Opressors The history of colonial North Carolina is bombarded with frequent strife and turmoil. The people of North Carolina, because of a lack in supervision from As men work to improve their position the society as a whole will thrive. And yet, although each is free to go wherever his acquisitive nose directs him, the inter-play of one man against another results in the necessary tasks of society getting done(Borg 73). The Gilded Age, taking place in a period of government inactivity, helped the people through freedom of choice, mobility, and opportunity. This age resulted in the split between some people who became successful in the economy, and others that failed to do so because of the consensus for a system of private interest where all were free to compete and a wide range of results usually occurred. Due to the low level of Government interaction with the economy and the people, there were high levels of abuses in the workplace. Fewer laws were made to constrain these and looser regulations were obeyed. Many of these abuses were brought on by the employers to reach optimum profits without consideration for the effect it would have on the workers. One of the worst abuses that the employers took advantage of was child labor. Companies could use child labor as a cheap and large pool of laborers because most of the parents werent making enough money to support the family alone. Children could also be paid even less than the adults were. In 1890, for example, the federal census reported 5,426 children in the factories of IllinoisThese little fellows go to work in this cold dreary room at seven oclock in the morning and work till it is too dark to see any longer. For this they get $1 to $3 a week(Meltzer 27). .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 , .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .postImageUrl , .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 , .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1:hover , .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1:visited , .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1:active { border:0!important; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1:active , .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1 .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udaa80f657d2dcec5fa2d575d543a81c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Data Marts Advantages Women worked 14 to 16 hours a day for wages of $1.56 a week. They were used for hard long work and paid very little for the same reason that the workers had little to no other options. The employers also neglected to maintain anywhere near safe conditions for women in particular. Many were prone .

Canonical Status Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare

Introduction Shakespeare’s works have been received with mixed reactions. Not because of the rare quality attributed to his works but due to difficulties in comprehending his original texts. However, Shakespeare continues to influence and inspire each and every generation with his creative artistic mind of playing around with words. Shakespeare applied early modern English in his works, a concept that many current literature readers view as difficult to understand.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canonical Status Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The grammar, sentence structure, spelling and word interpretation differs from the current modern English. Studying Shakespeare’s original manuscripts has been heavily criticised. Most of his critics argue that being a canonical author, understanding the play scripts pose a challenge to many readers. This paper will discuss t he impact of comprehending the canonical play manuscript and the mode of its reception by the modern reader by reviewing one of Shakespeare’s plays. The Concept of Literary Canon The literary canon is archaic works that have been passed from one generation to another. These works continue to make an impact in current modern literature due to their unique artistic nature that captivates a reader’s mind (Vanhoozer 2). In most cases, it becomes hard to understand the deep rich language used in the texts. However, the works are interestingly written and have played an important role to shape the western culture. Literary canon dates back from the works of Homer, John Milton, Jane Austen, the Bible and the great William Shakespeare amongst others. The Gutenberg Revolution saw the introduction of this canon culture that appreciated the historical culture at the time. This revolution period, also known as the age of printing, introduced various forms of non-print mass media. The era was established by Johannes Gutenberg in mid 1450. However, canon literature at the time seemed to invite mixed reactions from both its supporters and critics. The critics on one hand claimed that the literature created a rift between the high and the low popular culture while the supporters on the other hand argued that its taste and value was ideal for the high-cultural required standards. The canon works gained popularity with thousands of people thronging cinema halls to watch plays written by Shakespeare and other canon play writers such as Charles Dickens (Lyons 23). Canon is conceptualized as complex and privileged. For a text to qualify as a canon, it should be of high aesthetic quality that gives the reader pleasure after reading it. Literary canon is constantly changing due to the experiences and thoughts of authors and the canon readers. This has been interpreted to mean that literary work is important to describe continuous trends in historical events. It is for this reason that canon literature has not conformed to a specific definition due to its subjectivity (Branagh and Shakespeare 23).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Demystifying Canon Literature: Hamlet By William Shakespeare It is best if we understood William Shakespeare himself in order to have the ability of reading him canonically. The historic information regarding Shakespeare is sketchy as regards to the exact date of his birth and life. Born to a local alderman, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway who bore him three children. However, the exact dates remain unknown but he became famous around 1592 when he began his theatre career. Interpreting Shakespeare’s canon literature is very difficult though his works continue to be celebrated from one generation to another due to the richness in their textual quantity that lead to a great storyline (University of Southern Q ueensland 13). Hamlet is perhaps one of the longest yet popular plays written by Shakespeare. It has been labelled as a literally canon. Hamlet is a tragedy of a prince, Hamlet, who wants to revenge on the current king of Denmark. The king, who is Hamlet’s uncle, is accused of killing Hamlet’s father and later taking Hamlet’s mother as his wife (Brooks 4). In order to succeed in his set out plan, Hamlet pretends to be insane. However, the story ends tragically when most of the characters including Hamlet are killed. The play has been praised for its classic artistic texts used in its script. Hamlet’s script was written using a unique technique called functional shift. Shakespeare used this kind of technique in all his works to enable his readers to understand the meaning of a word used in a sentence prior to comprehending its functionality. A good example is his ability of replacing a verb with a noun. Though this technique seems to cause confusion in the mind of a reader, it causes the brain to react. When Hamlet’s good ally Horatio requests him to call off a duel, he declines by telling him, â€Å"If it be now, ‘tis not to come. The readiness is all.† Such play text causes confusion in the mind of a reader and the canonical status of understanding Hamlet by use of manuscripts has been put in question by scholars. Understanding the Canonical Status Used in Hamlet’s Language The language used to write the play script has struck most readers as complex and difficult to comprehend. Much of the language used in the play script has been conceptualised as courtly. This form of writing is both amusing and inventive in nature. It is also enriched with rhetorical figures. He makes good use of stichomythia to develop dialogue in the play.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canonical Status Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a skill of writing dialogue in single lines to which the characters converse alternately. In addition, Shakespeare skilfully applies the use of anaphora and asyndeton in his words to captivate the minds of his audience. This he succeeds by using similar words in the same sentence to create an effect. The words also apply hendiadys as a figure of speech (Marino 34). This is a rare rhetorical device used to express a certain idea by using two words that are linked by a conjunction. A good example is during Ophelia’s speech when she says, ‘And I, of ladies most deject and wretched.’ The use of hendiadys throughout the play has caused a reaction among scholars, most of whom find it odd to use this particular form of rhetoric device in most of his texts. However, the technique has been defended by some of the scholars who argue that Shakespeare’s skill is to develop and emphasize the purpose of duality and dislocation in the play. The language u sed in Hamlet’s script is unique as the characters have the ability to say several words simultaneously that seem contradictory to the audience. This concept helps the character to appear confused and possessed by disturbed feelings. A sentence like ‘Get thee to a nunnery’ is such an example which showed Hamlet’s confusion about sexuality and purity. Hamlet’s soliloquies have also been criticised by most scholars who argue that the dialogue is based on Shakespeare’s beliefs. This claim has however been rejected by Hamlet’s supporters who argue that the use of this technique is to emphasize the character’s process of thinking (Jardine 13). Analysing the Ideal Mode of Reception of Understanding Canonical Works It has been discussed above on the complexity of studying the original works of Shakespeare in play script form due to its complicated nature. The play Hamlet in particular causes more confusion not only to its audience but also to students trying to analyse the play. Most scholars have come to a conclusion that this mode of reception is boring to students and should be interpreted and edited as printed matter. However, some scholars seem to be in disagreement with this theory by arguing that Shakespeare’s works should not be interpreted as suggested by literature critics. They base their arguments on the fact that stage performance is reflective of the intended real issue, a concept that is largely ignored when the play text is presented in printed form. In response to the need of editing Hamlet’s text due to its immoral nature, they argue that Shakespeare intention was to reflect his life as it was and should not be subjected to any changes. Various versions of the play Hamlet have been analysed and most of them contain numerous mistakes derived from the printing process. This changes the original meaning of the play. This has been attributed to the fact that most editors are unable to give accurate translations to the original text as applied in the play script hence altering the meaning of words in their final draft.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Textual scholarship argues that the primary text by Shakespeare is actually indefinable due to the fact that none of his original manuscripts has survived. The attempt by numerous editors to interpret the works in their own way has caused a stir among literature tutors and scholars alike. The question that arises is whether print form is the ideal mode of reception and how it influences the understanding of the canonical status in Shakespeare’s works. It has been suggested that Shakespeare’s future editors should take into account the textual instability that has been characterised with textual authority during the printing process. Based on the fact that the current generation is inclined towards digital media, the mode of understanding canonical works in primary mode poses a challenge. The issue that therefore need to be discussed is whether the play should be performed or studied in its textual content. Whilst most people have supported the former, others seem to fa vour the art of performing Shakespeare’s play to enhance the level of understanding. However, understanding the play using print form mode of reception has been favoured by many scholars (Benchimol and Maley 45). What then is the impact of studying Shakespeare’s work in print form? As earlier discussed, canonical texts are not easy to read and watching a stage performance becomes even more difficult. The printing process offers an interpretation that eases the reader’s mind hence offering some form of pleasure. Use of manuscripts to study the works of Shakespeare limits the understanding of the reader as opposed to the printed form. This therefore limits the level of literacy circulation among the readers. However, most people could possibly argue that the future of canon literature is likely to be affected by interpreting the play text in print form. On the contrary, with so much advancement in technology, it is highly unlikely to wipe out the culture of canon literature. On the other hand, technology will help to filter some of the technical words used in the manuscript without necessarily changing the intended meaning. It has been argued that the ideal mode of understanding a play is by reading it in text form rather than through stage performance. This does not entirely mean that the historical stage performance should be disregarded. As a matter of fact, a play script that guides the stage performance serves as a guide towards any play text transformed in print form. However, reading Shakespeare in print form makes understanding his works a lot easier hence enhancing its popularity especially to the current generation. Most critics argue that transition to print form will not only change the entire meaning of the play but that it will lose the purpose and theme of the play (Mclver and Stevenson 22). It should be noted that Shakespeare himself seems to encourage authorship in Hamlet by using a play within a play. Most of the protagonis ts in Hamlet are learned, a concept that emphasizes the authorial role very well (Howard and O’Connor 45). Conclusion Stage performance of a canonical play elicits some form of excitement in the audience but it should be noted that only few people understand the concept of the play. Most Shakespeare lovers admit that they did not understand his canonical words during performance and prefer reading them in print form. Transition from manuscripts to print form in Shakespeare does not only make the brain to function but also engages the reader in comprehending the canonical works as intended by the author. However, care should be taken by the editors not to misinterpret the canonical words as they appear in the original manuscripts. This is possible by the editors taking into consideration the previous works by the canonical writer and interpreting the words as they are. Works Cited Benchimol, Alex and Maley, Willy. Spheres of Influence: Intellectual and cultural publics  from Shakespeare to Harbemas. Germany: European Academic Publishers, 2007. Print. Branagh, Kenneth and Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. London: W.W Norton Co., 1996. Print. Brooks, Jean. Hamlet by William Shakespeare. Denmark: Macmillan Education, 1986. Print. Howard, Jean and O’Connor, Marion. Shakespeare Reproduced: The text in History  and Ideology. Britain: Routledge, 2005. Print. Jardine, Lisa. Reading Shakespeare Historically. New York: Barnes Noble, 1996. Print. Lyons, William. Canon and Exegesis: canonical praxis and the Sodom narrative. London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002. Print. Marino, James. Owning William Shakespeare: The King’s Men and their intellectual  property. USA: University of Pennysylvania Press, 2011. Print. Mclver, Bruce and Stevenson, Ruth. Teaching with Shakespeare: critics in the  classroom. London: W.W Norton Co., 1995. Print. University of Southern Queensland. The Literary canon: how to read great books. Australia: University of Southe rn Queensland, 2011. Print. Vanhoozer, Kevin. The drama of doctrine: a canonical-linguistic approach to Christian  theology. Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2005. Print. This essay on Canonical Status Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare was written and submitted by user Madisyn Henderson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hollow of the Three Hills Essays

Hollow of the Three Hills Essays Hollow of the Three Hills Essay Hollow of the Three Hills Essay Subjects of the Hollow of the three Hills: -main character as a beautiful adult female with a black and detestable yesteryear. -trying to run from it will merely do the job follow. -character as person who is a plighted topic who had such a secret that she had to be where no person could detect them. -She wanted this enchantress to assist her see and hear what was go oning with her loved 1s ; but she merely had one hr to make so and after this one hr she would decease Hawthorne did non come out and said this but in stating things like there is but a short hr that we may loiter here. and I will make your command though I did. She had run from everything that was of import to her because the most of import. was deceasing. Hawthorne was non excessively clear in saying what precisely the job was but it seemed that her girl had fallen ill. – Throughout the narrative Hawthorne masks this fact good and uses boding nicely. In one portion where the chief character is looking in on her parents by agencies of the enchantresss powers and Hawthorne describes her parents as speech production †¦of a girl. a roamer they -Not merely she had left him with hurting and agony for their kid but she had besides left him with hurting and antipathy towards her. She tried to run off from her daughter’s illness and infringing decease. but by making so merely brought guilt and compunction upon herself. She must hold known that her hubby would hold strong feelings of antipathy towards her and still volitionally looked in on his life to see how he was. – The portion in the narrative when she looked back towards her hubby was the portion of the narrative that stuck out the most as Nathaniel Hawthorne’s manner of composing. This was a good illustration of his Puritan Guilt Ethic’ . She felt such compunction for go forthing that the merely good thing to make was to look into up on him and see if he was all right. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the Puritan Guilt Ethic’ in most of his short narratives and novels and this is one illustration of him utilizing it. – The girl died of her unwellness as Hawthorne foreshadowed throughout the short narrative by composing such things as into the tone of a decease bell and like lamplight on the wall of a burial chamber. The chief character left her girl to decease and that is merely what happened. Looking back in retrospect the chief character likely would hold stayed with her girl. -As a female parent watching her daughter’s funeral brigade must hold broken her bosom but watching it through a enchantresss enchantment must hold shattered it. – Hawthorne’s chief character chose to run like a coward and in the terminal paid the worst effect of all. She gave up her life to witness the hurting and agony she had cause to others. With her girl dead by disease. her hubby infuriated with hatred and hurting. and her parents filled with disgust and humiliation she had no 1 that cared about her at all because she couldn’t handle the emotional emphasis. How much emotional emphasis does it look she caused to others in the terminal though? She tried to get away her responsibilities as a married woman and female parent but they merely followed her to the really terminal

Staging of Strategic Initiatives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Staging of Strategic Initiatives - Assignment Example Consequently, strategic initiatives are bound by time, that is, time is specified for starting and completion of initiatives. The power of buyers dictates the number of sales that a firm makes. A firm has a large customer base if it uses giant retail outlets such as Wal-Mart. The store is a strategic distribution point since it is frequented by many buyers. However, this also implies that the buyers have immense power in dictating the success or failure of the firm. Thus, the buyers of Memorex flash drives have more power. Firms that are effective in reducing operational cost and also making products that look different from competitor’s products are better off than firms that implement cost leadership and differentiation separately. A differentiating firm is usually a step ahead in the market since customers tend to think theta the products are not close substitutes. This leads to more production at low costs, courtesy of economies of scale. Repeating the same task every time enhances the simplicity of the task. Consequently, an individual can understand various effects that can arise from a specific activity. This enhances the clarity and thus ability to be more productive. Repeatability enables a company to dedicate resources in new productive contexts, thus triggering more growth. A product loses value once new entrants impose substitutes on the market. The substitutes perform the same function as the original product, thus, purchase of one brand reduces sales of other substitutes. The market forces pull the prices down until an equilibrium price is achieved. This is the reason why the price of Laser teeth whitener fell from $500 to $100 upon introduction of other products that perform the same purpose. Espresso machines brew coffee and Starbucks roasts coffee beans and also makes a coffee beverage. However, the espresso process is automatic and involves pressurized  water mixing with coffee to produce the beverage.  

INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF PROPERTY Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF PROPERTY - Case Study Example The second way is by, derivatively- this is where an individual sells his property to someone else or he may give it to another person as a gift, under which the ownership of the item is transferred to the other person. The last way is that of succession- in this case we find that the original owner of the item dies; here the item may be passed through to the other person. Under the law of property, we find that ownership is taken as a matter of law while possession is considered as a fact which involves physical custody accompanied by an intention of holding the item as one's own. An example of this is that when an individual is in possession of a pair of shoes decides to throw the shoes in the street, this indicates that he has given up his possession and the person who comes across the shoes and picks them then he becomes the owner of the shoes without paying for them. In law of property, we find that there is also a law of trust whereby, trust is defined as an agreement under which an item either money or property is owned and managed by one person for the benefit of another. It is basically formed when an individual, who is always referred to as a settlor hands over his property to other parties of his own choice who are legally referred to as trustees, under the law of property these trustees are always under the obligation of holding the property for the benefit of other persons. Under the law, for one to come up with a clear intention and the reason for the agreement must be stated. In the Derek case, we find that the reason for this agreement was that since his children had grown up to their twenties, they had a clear intention of purchasing a new house that could accommodate the three of them and also to enable them to take in lodgers so that he may be provided with an extra income. Therefore for one to come up with a trust he should also i dentify the beneficiaries in this case we find that the beneficiaries are Tim and Pam. This trust is always formed through the means of either a written documentation which is referred to as an express trust or it can also be formed by an implied trust.2 Under the implied trust we find that the legal requirements for this particular trust are well adhered to, but the intention for such an agreement are stated, in this case we may find that a reasonable title is not provided and in this case the law comes up with a provision that the grantor for the trust is the beneficiary. In the case of Derek and his children, we find that he was unable to obtain a mortgage loan due to his age and it is explained that, Pam who was able to obtain a loan and took the legal title in her name after which, Derek paid the amount required for deposit, expenses and the mortgage payments, here we find that Derek acted as a grantor according to the implied trust, which according to the law of property is formed in a situation where some of the legal necessities for an express trust are not met, although there is usually the formation of an intention to create a trust on behalf of the parties,

What is IMF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is IMF - Essay Example Good governance is a set of principles that have been adopted by both the World Bank and the IMF to guide them and help them to achieve their objectives and goals in their member countries. The current scenario is that these organizations now are in the process of applying similar standards as the, good governance techniques to various other aspects of the institution, such as transparency and accountability. Other facets include fairness, impartiality, efficiency and ownership (Woods 2000). Though IMF itself is a vast topic, I would like to target solely the governance aspect of the organization. Only good and sound governance of an organization can result in the complete and adequate implementation of its policies. According to Beke (2002) the underlying rationale for governance in IMF is to eliminate corruption and to encourage transparency as well as accountability in all economic policies and issues of any given country. Since, 1997 the IMF has introduced methods to look after the resources of the organization so as to prevent laundering of monetary funds. In addition, means are also taken to track all sorts of expenditures specifically those on poverty related issues. Therefore, governance is required in all phases. Be it the way the money is lent or discharged to a country, in the implementation of certain economy related policies, or be it in within the IMF itself. Therefore, I would like to research all three of these aspects of governance in my study. There are practical reasons behind the adoption of the good governance criteria by the IMF. One of the foremost according to Woods (2000) is ownership and participation. The reason behind them is that these two means will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of IMF. It has also been stated that in the past any unpopular or unjust act of a country's government was blamed on IMF. Therefore, these policies also enhance the image of the government by stating that there is no imposition by the IMF upon any country to adopt its policy. Any country that does to take the advice of the IMF and follow its policies and guidelines does so of it's own accord. In the past, the IMF consisted of an enclosed group of policy makers, however, in recent years due to its good governance criteria the organization has opened-up. This induces the concept of transparency. The reason behind this is that when an organization in enclosed (in the form of financial institutions and governments only), transparency is difficult; thus, corruption prevails. In such a scenario bribery takes place and the government can easily deceive its citizens by putting the blame for economic upheaval on an institution such as the IMF. In order to prevent such dire situations from arising it is imperative that good governance policies (especially those that include transparency procedures and processes) are included. Research Methodology The research methodology will such that the background and scope of the paper will be given. The basic scope of this paper is that it will help future policy makers as well as researchers to further their studies. In the practical sense this

Demographics of Online Shoppers

Demographics of Online Shoppers Abstract This dissertation aims at developing profiles of Greek consumers who have already conducted purchases through the Internet and of the consumers who are willing to adopt the Internet shopping as an innovation. Measurement of the demographic and behavioural data, investigation of the trends and attitudes of the online consumers toward online apparel shopping. The research will provide insightful preliminary data based on the detailed profiles of Internet shoppers (innovators) and interested-to-adopt Internet shopping (early adopters). The empirical findings will provide valuable managerial implications while setting the foundation for future research in this topic. Introduction The Importance of the Research Internet gained the trust of more than 1,5 billion users around the globe (world Stats, 2009) and became the most important tool of almost every international business (Mc donald and Tobin, 1998; Rha et al., 2002; Urban, 2003). The majority of the web users is taking advantage of the globalization and the online prices.In some countries the percentage of the online shoppers is reaching the 95% according to the Nielsen Online Report (2008). The same report indicates that the users which prefer the internet for frequent purchases is 39% and about 84% of the users concluded the purchase of a product once every month through the Internet the last two years of the study. The total sales in Europe are expected to be more than 407 billion dollars by the end of the 2011. According to the same report UK, France and Germany hold more than 70 percent of the total European sales followed by Italy and Spain. The structures of the web sites profess differences because of the culture but also common characteristics (Okazaki et al., 2006). In the next few years because of the globalization of the media there is evidence of a new global culture, the digital culture (Deuze, 2006) Hofman and Novak (1996) described the online apparel shopping as a new kind of consumer behavior according to computer mediated shopping environment. The researchers seek to develop the past theories of customers behavior while retailers seek to establish successful strategies by knowing better their customers (Goldsmith and Mcgregor, 1999). Paisley According Paisley to Paisley Lohse Paisley and Paisley Spiller Paisley (1998, Paisley p.81) Paisley there Paisley are Paisley large Paisley differences Paisley between Paisley a Paisley physical Paisley store Paisley and Paisley its Paisley electronic Paisley counterpart Paisley and Paisley the Paisley online Paisley shopping Paisley by Paisley nature Paisley is Paisley an Paisley innovating Paisley experience Paisley (Wang Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1998). PaisPaisley Donthu Paisley and Paisley Garcia Paisley (1999) Paisley conducted Paisley a Paisley relevant Paisley survey Paisley and Paisley the Paisley findings Paisley clearly Paisley showed Paisley that Paisley the Paisley Internet Paisley shoppers Paisley are Paisley moremmm more Paisley innovative Paisley in Paisley contrast Paisley to Paisley Internet Paisley non-shoppers. The Paisley key Paisley task Paisley is Paisley to Paisley discover Paisley the Paisley actual Paisley and Paisley potential Paisley customer Paisley through Paisley the Paisley fundamental Paisley change Paisley of Paisley the Paisley online Paisley purchases Paisley (Turban Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1999). Paisley Thus, Paisley Paisley this Paisley research Paisley will try Paisley to Paisley emphasize Paisley into Paisley different Paisley modes Paisley of Paisley consumers (Internet shoppers and interested-to adopt Internet shopping) Paisley and Paisley not Paisley just Paisley through Paisley a Paisley simplistic Paisley analysis. Moreover, the research will highlight the differences and similarities of these consumers groups and to the Internet online apparel shopping, and clearly will provide some of the most important success ingredients that every online retailer should take under consideration. Paisley ThetPaisley The Research Aims Objective This Paisley research Paisley aims Paisley to Paisley develop Paisley profiles Paisley of Paisley the Paisley Greek Paisley Internet Paisley online Paisley shoppers Paisley and Paisley of Paisley those Paisley who Paisley are Paisley going Paisley or Paisley interested Paisley to Paisley adopt Paisley the Paisley internet Paisley shopping Paisley as Paisley an Paisley innovation. Paisley A Paisley special Paisley focus Paisley in Paisley the Paisley process Paisley of Paisley decision Paisley and Paisley diffusion Paisley theories Paisley of Paisley innovation Paisley seems Paisley necessary Paisley through Paisley the Paisley measurement Paisley of Paisley the Paisley demographic Paisley and Paisley behavioral Paisley characteristics. Paisley Paisley The Paisley general Paisley objective Paisley has Paisley to Paisley focus Paisley in Paisley numerous Paisley specific Paisley aims: To Paisley examine Paisley the Paisley demographic Paisley and Paisley psychological Paisley characteristics Paisley of Paisley the Paisley Greek Paisley online Paisley shoppers Paisley To Paisley analyze Paisley the Paisley perceived Paisley risk Paisley next Paisley to Paisley any Paisley online Paisley transaction To Paisley present Paisley the Paisley previous Paisley online Paisley apparel Paisley shopping Paisley experiences Paisley To Paisley develop Paisley a Paisley detailed Paisley profile Paisley of Paisley existing Paisley and Paisley potential Paisley Greek Customers To Paisley analyze Paisley theories Paisley and Paisley concepts Paisley that Paisley can Paisley be Paisley applied Paisley by Paisley the Paisley online Paisley apparel Paisley industry To Paisley propose Paisley strategies Paisley and Paisley relevant Paisley effective Paisley managerial Paisley tools Literature Review The Importance of Apparel Online Shopping For years researchers examined the reasons that made shoppers to buy from home, focusing on the differences between traditional retailers and online retailers (Eastlick and Feinberg, 1999; Hawes, 1986). Authors developed a risk-taker profile of the online consumer (versus the in-store consumer) who is ready to perceive a higher risk (Donthu and Garcia, 1999; Schoenbachler and Gordon, 2002; Vijayasarathy and Jones, 2000). Researchers described PPaisley the online purchase of Paisley apparel Paisley products a decision with increased perceived risk Paisley (Bhatnagar Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 2000; Paisley PaisleHawes Paisley and Paisley Lumpkin, Paisley 1986). Paisley Internet Paisley shoppers are skeptical Paisley are scepticalPaisley to Paisley purchase or not Paisle PaisleyPaisley apparel Paisley products online Paisley Paisley because Paisley of Paisley the Paisley uncertainty Paisley next to the Paisley fit, Paisley fabric Paisley and Paisley color Paisley (Bhatnagar Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 2000). Paisley People Paisley with a Paisley higher Paisley income(Leung, Paisley 1998; Paisley Pepermans Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1996; Paisley Summers, Paisley 1972), Paisley well Paisley educated(Leung, Paisley 1998; Paisley Pepermans Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1996; Paisley Rogers, Paisley 1995), Paisley and Paisley with Paisley an Paisley occupational Paisley status Paisley above Paisley the Paisley average(Rogers, Paisley 1995), Paisley in Paisley general Paisley are Paisley innovators Paisley and Paisley will Paisley adopt Paisley first Paisley new Paisley products Paisley and Paisley services. Paisley Therefore, Paisley the Paisley innovators Paisley might Paisley adopt Paisley the Paisley internet Paisley as Paisley a Paisley tool Paisley for Paisley apparel Paisley shopping Paisley even Paisley though underliesPaisley underlies Paisley a Paisley higher Paisley risk. Gender Paisley is Paisley among Paisley the Paisley factors we need to emphasizePaisley whichww and previousPaisley Paisley research Paisley showed Paisley that Paisley women Paisley are Paisley more Paisley innovative Paisley than Paisley men Paisley (Goldsmith Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1987). Paisley In Paisley a Paisley household Paisley the Paisley primary Paisley shoppers Paisley for Paisley apparel Paisley products Paisley are Paisley the female Paisley femalefffFFFFffffffffffer2wewsxxcdf]45421sPaisley (Dholakia Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1995). Paisley Among Paisley young Paisley consumers Paisley (students) Paisley the Paisley differences Paisley are Paisley not Paisley that Paisley obvious Paisley but Paisley mainly Paisley focus Paisley on Paisley different Paisley shopping Paisley habits Paisley (Dholakia Paisley and Paisley Chiang, Paisley 2003). Paisley Paisley Paisley Paisley Paisley Paisley Consumer Characteristics Purchasers because of their different characteristics approaching the online apparel stores with many different ways and receiving different messages, which may affect their online purchases (Cheung et al., 2003). Therefore, we will have to emphasize to these characteristics because of their importance. Previous online purchase experiences, characteristics based on their personalities and the level of their innovative thinking when they go online to shop (Cheung et al., 2003) need to be discussed. Personalities The online shopping behaviors of the consumers are close attached to their personalities and may affect their choice of the online apparel stores and products (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001). Therefore, we need to focus in two main consumers personalities: The utilitarian and hedonic personalities. Utilitarian Consumers Utilitarian consumers buying online based on their goal oriented shopping behaviors. Shopping is made according to their goals and rational necessary needs (Kim shim, 2002). They are trying to deliberate their shopping habits through rationality and efficiency and they are not searching for any kind of entertainment through shopping (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001). Main aspect is to conclude their online shopping experience efficiently and in time without any kind of unnecessary irritation (Monsuwe, Dellaert Ruyter, 2004). Moreover, their instrumental characteristics guide their shopping experiences efficiently to a task oriented behavior (Sorce, Perotti Widrick, 2005) They are in search for sites offering variety of products, convenience, ease of access and multiple information among others (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001). Hedonic Consumers Hedonic consumers defined according to experiential buying behavior. Their concern is not to gather as many information they are able to but at first to seek happiness sensory stimulation and some sort of enjoyable experiences (Monsuwe, Dellaert Ruyter, 2004). The hedonic consumers are trying to immerse into the experience in a greater way than achieving their goals by shopping online (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001). They are trying to combine shopping with enjoyable experiences, playful sites and uniqueness (Sorce et al., 2005). Consequently, the hedonists when they get satisfied are increasing their visits and purchases to their favorite online apparel stores (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001). Main differences between hedonic (experiential) and utilitarian (goal oriented) consumers behaviors. Their differences in personality, motivation and key aspect leads to a different interaction with the online apparel stores. The goal-oriented customers are guided from instrumental factors which may include the ease of access, the available information and the variety of selection. While the goal oriented consumers seek for control the experiential consumers seeking for fun and surprising web stores (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001; Sanchez-Franco Roldan, 2005). A summarization follows in Table 2.1 Compulsive shopping According to Wolfinbarger and Gilly (2001) more than 72% of the shoppers are goal oriented and followed some sort of plan on their recent purchases, and 28% of the shoppers are experiential and decided a purchase while they were browsing. Moreover, research has shown that even if the goal oriented customers represent the majority, the experiential consumers and their browsing attitude are welcome, because of their close connection with high impulse purchases and frequency (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001). Innovativeness Innovation described as the degree to which an individual . is relatively earlier in adopting new ideas than the other members of a system (Rogers, 1995). Several researchers referred to the different characteristics of the innovative consumers. Most of them are: higher or highest education (Leung, 1998; Pepermans et al., 1996;) mostly young consumers (Hirschman and Adcock, 1978;) income is higher than the average (Pepermans et al., Summers, 1972;) higher social activity (Robertson and Kennedy, 1968; Roggers, 1995;) risk takers (Leung, 1998; Roggers, 1995;) opinion leaders (Darden and Reynolds, 1974; Chau and Hui, 1998;) women in majority (Goldsmith et al., 1987) Researchers have tried to analyze the role of gender or/and race on innovation and clearly saw that the women are more likely to be innovative than men. The key aspect of the innovation seems is the new products to adopted by the consumers in the market (Leung, 1998; Pepermans et al., 1996). The higher acceptance of the new innovative products as the World Wide Web, may affect as well the use of the network for purchases(Citrin et al., 2000). The apparel online shoppers described mostly as innovators from other researchers (Goldsmith et al., 1995). Goldsmith and Flynn (2004) defined that online apparel purchasers could not be distinguished from non-purchasers by their demographics, but they were more innovative toward clothing and fashions than the non-purchasers. Online apparel purchasers, however, did use the Internet more and were more innovative toward using the Internet than non-purchasers were. The innovative online consumers more likely will purchase apparel online instead of the non-purchasers which are less innovative. Theoretical Framework Rogers (1995) proposed a five-stages process for the innovation to be adopted by an individual. The first one is the knowledge stage, a stage on which an individual tries upon previous experience to understand an innovation and its characteristics. The knowledge derives from the social environment, understanding of problems and general innovativeness. The Persuasion stage which is the second one, represents the development of every positive and negative attitude upon innovation as a result of the knowledge stage. The perceived elements (Rogers, 1995) which are going to influence the adoption of an innovation are: The relative advantage in other words the consumers will assume the advantageous role of the innovation and the adoption will be faster. The compatibility aspect if the consumers recognize in the innovation compatibility with their lifestyle, there is a greater possibility to adopt the innovation. The complexity issue the consumers will examine the innovation and if they think that is easy to use, maybe will adopt earlier the innovation. The trial ability a trial of the innovation will make it easier for the consumers to adopt it. The observation ability the chance of observing the results of each innovation may speed up the adopt timeframe. Another researcher examined the five elements and discovered that the relative advantage, compatibility aspect, the trial ability and the observation ability are positively connected to adoption of every innovation and complexity issue is negatively connected to the adoption of an innovation. In the decision stage which is the third one, the consumer decides to adopt or to reject the innovation according to his/her attitude created during the persuasion stage (Rogers, 1995). The behavioral change will be visible during the fourth stage, the implementation stage. During that stage the consumer will act on his decision of the approval or the rejection of an innovation. Even at this stage the consumer holds a level of uncertainty about the scope of the innovation and will keep collecting information about the innovation. During the last stage according to Rogers (1995), the confirmation stage, the consumer will re-examine the innovation and will reach to a new decision whether or not he will continue to adopt the innovation. Purchasers Browsers and Searchers Internet users have different aspects when they go online. Some users are online because of their intention to buy apparel online (purchasers), but the browsers may not interested to buy online. A search for extra information on the websites is what made them to go online in some of the cases. The searcher is a goal oriented consumer who is online to search for information in a productive way in order to fulfill his goals (Ha Stoel, 2004). A task oriented behavior, more as pre-purchase deliberation and an intention to conclude a purchase next to the gathering of information online are the characteristics of the searcher. Schlosser (2004), defines the consumer known as a browser, an experiential shopper who seeks more and more for an entertaining experience. If the websites are able to fulfill the aspects of the searchers and browsers may transform them to purchasers. Ha Stoel(2004), assumes that all three kind of potential shoppers (purchasers, browsers and searchers) may show different online shopping attitude on a specific site and may consider the advantages of the online apparel shopping in a different way because of their goals. The browsers and not the searchers according to schlosser (2004), affected more from vivid images. Consumers Attitudes Darwin (1872) mentioned the attitudes as a physical action of a thought. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) through their work Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior : An introduction to Theory and Research focused on the prediction of the human behavior through their theory of the reasoned actions. Ajzen (1987) developed the theory of the reasoned actions to the theory of planned behavior. The model suggested by Fishbein still is the most popular among researchers but among psychologists is Fazios (1986) attitude accessibility model. Fishbeins Multi-attribute Model Fishbeins claims that the consumers form attributes towards objects on the basis of their beliefs (perceptions and knowledge) about these objects. Since a consumer may hold different beliefs about an object it may be difficult to get the overall perception of a product such as the McDonalds if they are good or bad for the consumers (Perner, 2006). Within this framework a persons attitude toward an object is a function of his beliefs about an object and the implicit evaluative responses associated with those beliefs (Karjaluoto, 2006). Beliefs are acquired by the processing information, which are obtained from direct experiences with objects and from interaction with other sources. Moreover, if there is a need to understand consumers attitudes adequately, a determination of the beliefs that form the basis of these attitudes is necessary (Fishbein and Steiner, 1965). The model focus in three attributes of the attitude: The salient beliefs people hold about an attitude object, e.g. those beliefs which are the first to come in mind; Object-attribute linkages, or the probability, that a particular object has an important attribute. Evaluation of each one of the important attributes. Upon any case, the model created on assumptions that may prove wrong on everyday practice. At first assumes that exists the ability to specify adequately all the relevant attributes. This model also assumes that he/she will go through the process (formally or informally) of identifying a set of relevant attributes, evaluating them and measuring the overall outcome. Without any attempt of questioning this model, which is clearly a high-involvement subject, it is still possible that the consumers attitude will be formed by an overall affective response (Solomon et al., 1992). Since any kind of object, such as a product or a brand, has numerous attributes (size, features, shape etc), an individual will collect information and develop beliefs quite different according to the provided individual attributes. Positive or negative feelings are also formed on the basis of the beliefs held about the attributes. Thus, the persons overall attitude toward an object is derived from the beliefs and feelings created by the various attributes of the model and that is why the model is referred as a Multi attribute model or as the Fishbeins attitude model (Newman and Foxall, 2003). The Multi attribute model tries to summarize the overall attitudes by using the following equation (Hawkins et al., 1998): Where: Ao = the persons overall attitude toward the object-Characteristics of the attitude object (e.g. Reputation of a College) bi = the strength of his belief that the object is related to this attribute (e.g. the strength of belief that Wrangler Jeans are durable, or the belief that on line shopping is a convenient way to shop) ei = the evaluation or intensity of feelings (liking or disliking) toward attribute-the priority consumers place on an object. Some A (attitudes) will be more important than others. i.e. (Library resources, social environmentpriorities). n = the number of relevant beliefs for that person ( Loudon and Bitta, 1994) According to the above mentioned formula the weight of importance of a belief towards an object (bi) is multiplied with the evaluation i.e. of` the product. For example, a consumer believes that the taste of a refreshment is moderately important or a 4 in a scale of importance from 1 to 7.He/she also believes that drinking coffee feels very good, or 6 on a scale from 1 to 7.Thus the product overall grade here is 4*6 =24.The customer also believes that the potential of a drink to stain is extremely important (7), and coffee fares moderately badly at -4 on this attribute (since this is a negative belief, for this purpose we are taking numbers from -1 to -7 with -7 being worst). The total score for this belief is 7*(-4) =-28.If we hold these two beliefs the aggregated attitude would have been 24+(-28)=-4.In real life, it is obvious that consumers tend to have many more beliefs and their summary will provide an accurate measurement (Perner, 2006). Based on this multi-attribute model, marketers may consider four strategies when attempting to affect behavior: Change the value placed on a particular product attributes (a change in an ei component) Change beliefs (a change in a b1 component) Change the attitude toward the brand (A change in Ao) Change behavioral intentions (a change in BI) or behavior change in B (Assael, 1992) The Fishbeins attitude-towards object model has been relatively successful in predicting, behavioral intentions arising by various cognitive variables to which they refer (Birtwistle and Shearer, 2001; Doyle and Fenwick, 1974; Fishbein, 1967; Bass and Talarzyk, 1972). For example, excessive usage of the model to measure different advertisements or store brands. The tangible attributes and the utility versus the intangible ,symbolic attributes. However, this approach has not always been useful results for the retail management, as the knowledge of a customers attitude about a brand is not always a safe predictor of their actual behavior (Wicker, 1967). Furthermore, the model allows marketers to focus on the important issues of their consumers. Examines the effectiveness of their brand in providing the necessary attributes, and how marketers stack up against their competitors (Karjaluoto, 2006). By all means a negative response of the consumers to one feature of a brand does not necessarily eliminates the consumers connection with the specific brand. According to Wilkie and Pessemier (1973) the most important aspect of the multi-attribute model is: The advantage of multi-attribute models is in gaining understanding of attitudinal structure. Diagnosis of brand strengths and weaknesses on relevant product attributes can then be used to suggest specific changes in a brand and its marketing support. The retailers tried to take advantage of the Multi attribute model in a way to predict the behavior of their consumers. Although, the use of the model was inappropriate and in some of the cases unacceptable. As a result, the forecast of the consumers behavior was not accurate (Sheppard, 1988): The model was developed to deal with the actual behavior (e.g. taking an aspirin), not with the outcomes of behavior (e.g. allergy), which is assessed in some studies (Solomon et al., 2002) Consumption situations may vary and this is going to influence the strength of the attitude behavior relationship (Bearden and Woodside, 1976). In fact, evidence suggests that consumers attitudes toward brands can actually vary depending on the situation (Miller and Ginter, 1979). Time usually elapses while consumers forming attitudes and when they are ready to act on these. During that time, many variables expected and unexpected may intervene to affect behavior. For example, an unexpected need for a new family car could quickly postpone, or cancel, plans to purchase a new motorcycle (Loudon and Bitta, 1994). The consumers attitudes toward some types of behavior are influenced by his evaluation of the perceived consequences (positive or negative) of taking such action. Therefore, these attitudes are more relevant for predicting consumers attitudes toward the objects themselves (Loudon and Bitta, 1994). Consumers are often influenced by their perceptions of what others will think of their actions. Thus, even though a consumer may have a favorable attitude toward making a purchase, he may refrain from doing so because of his perception that other people, who are very important to him (such as his/her friends) might not approve his action. This influence noted as subjective norm (Loudon and Bitta, 1994). New models able to adjust to the formed complexity introduced and the above-mentioned factors were used as a guide. As a result, Fishbein introduced the Behavioral Intentions model (Loudon and Bitta, 1994) in an attempt to escape from the traditional attitude toward object model to a more attitudes towards behavior model (Thoradeniya, 2006). Fishbeins Behavioral Intentions Model This revised model presented by Fishbein and contributed by Ajzen (1975), was designed to include the persons evaluation about performing certain behaviour. Their attitude toward the behaviour and additionally the social pressure experienced when performing the behaviour, like the subjective norm (Stephen, 2002). The theory of reasoned action is different from the traditional attitude theories in a manner of introducing normative influences to the overall model and a causal relationship between the two antecedents and intention (Ha, 1998). Subjective norms are determined by the consumers beliefs about the actions of the others regarding his intended behaviour and his motivations to comply with their standards of behaviour (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1980). The subjective norms reflect as well the individuals sense to behave in an acceptable manner (Teo and Loosemore, 2001). Normative beliefs in general involve specific individuals or groups rather than generalised important others(Fishbein and Ajzen, 1980). In addition, the persons behaviour is a function of his/her intention to behave in a certain manner (Loudon and Bitta, 1994). For example, a womans attitude towards birth control pills maybe favourable, but the pressure exerted by family and friends could represent the subjective norm, which may result in a negative attitude towards using them (Johnson and Fishbein, 2003). Fishbeins expressed relationships in equation form as: As the model indicates, in order to predict the consumers behavior, the researcher must determine the consumers attitude toward the specific behavior in question (AB) and his subjective norm (SN). Each of these will be weighted by w1 and w2 respectively (which add up to 1.0) to reflect their relative importance in influencing the behavioural intentions (Loudon and Bitta, 1994). The consumers attitudes toward performing a specific behaviour has the same structure as in the Fishbeins Multiattribute model. The important change here is that beliefs and evaluations concern certain actions, and the consequences of these actions, affect the attributes of the object (Ha, 1998). These beliefs are called behavioural beliefs. An individual will attempt to perform certain behaviour because of his evaluation upon beliefs. Attitudes are determined by the individuals beliefs about the consequences of performing according to a specific behaviour (behavioural beliefs) and his concerns about the above mentioned consequences (outcome evaluations).Those attitudes have a direct effect on behavioural intention and are linked with subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (Brown, 1999). A number of issues and limitations of the Fishbein Behavioural Intentions model need further examination, since the potential number of factors affecting attitude are infinitive. Other researchers are involved with the thoughts of the consumers before their decision upon action. We are not able to apply these theories in the organisational buyer behaviour because of the complexity of the influencing factors which affect this kind of behaviour (Thompson and Panayiotopoulos, 1999). Moreover, there is a significant risk between attitudes and subjective norms since attitudes can often be reframed as norms and vice versa. In practice the consumer suffer from several constraints such us limited ability, time, environmental or organisational limits and unconscious habits. It is also very important to note, that although the theory assumes that behaviours are influenced only by intentions, other authors suggest that attitudes and past attitudes have a direct influence on future behaviour(Bargh, 1997). According to the above-mentioned frame the current behavior may be habitual and triggered by environmental stimuli and may be elicited unintentionally when an evaluative representation is present (Bargh, 1997). However, the implications of this model are extremely important for the marketers, while there is a specific need for understanding the factors which affect the consumers intentins. Past research strengths the ability to identify the most important attributes, which forced the consumers to form negative or positive attitudes towards a purchase of a product (Ha, 1998). It is also a valuable tool to proceed with the identification of the sources of the social environment and their possible role in intention. (Ha, 1998). These attitudinal and subjective-norm components are helpful to marketers to analyse and understand/predict the consumers behaviour. Moreover, they are useful because of their suggestions to alternative marketing strategies for the evaluation and change of the consumers attitudes and intentions to act (Loudon and Bitta, 1994). Online Apparel Shopping Intention The representation Paisley of Paisley what Paisley we Paisley think Paisley we Paisley will Paisley buy Paisley (Blackwell Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 2001, Paisley p. Paisley 283) describes the online appare

Female Protagonists Essay -- essays research papers

The desire for freedom is a similar aspect of the female protagonists Louise Mallard, Mathilde Loisel, and Emily Grierson.In Kate Chopin's, "The Story of an Hour," Guy DE Maupassant's, "The Necklace," and William Faulkner's, "A Rose for Emily," the female protagonist's have a desire for freedom. The stories are about three women living in patriarchal societies. Each character longs for freedom in a different way, but because of the men in their lives they are unable to make their own life decisions.In "The Story of an Hour," Louise Mallard is a repressed married woman that has a heart condition. The reaction to her husbands presumed death is a sign that she is unhappy. After hearing the tragic news she goes up stairs to her room and looks out an open window and notices "new spring life", "the delicious breath of rain", and "countless sparrows twittering in the eaves." As she looks out the window among the storm cl ouds, she stares at patches of blue sky. "It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought." Louise is not grieving over her dead husband or having negative thoughts about her future. She realizes that she will have freedom through her husbands death and whispers over and over, "free, free free!" Her unhappiness is not with her husband, it is with her ranking in society because she is a married woman. Becoming a widow is the only cha...

Nixon and the Happenstances that Brought Him to Nix Essay

On the fateful night of eighth of August in 1974, President Richard M. Nixon announced his resignation from his office due to the pertinent issue that he was facing. According to his resignation speech, he has to leave his office because the Congress has lost its faith on him, and because of that he cannot pursue the completion of his term of office. In his resignation speech, Nixon explicitly stated that he will vacate the White House at exactly twelve o’clock noon the next day, and that his office will be officially entrusted with Vice President Gerald R. Ford. On that fateful night, Nixon uttered the following words â€Å"that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America,†[1] which is considered by his critics as partly true and partly as an escape goat for an imminent impeachment against him. (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In American history, Nixon is the first president who surrenders his authority and stature. What are the circumstances that led an esteemed president to his fall down? It was common belief that a president would only be forced to leave his office for two significant reasons: first, if he is a lousy president, regardless if he is innately a good person, his lousiness will bring forth the end of his term, and second, if he is an exceptional president but catapulted an extraordinary scandal that no one can forgive, his days on the White House will definitely be numbered. (2) And in the case of Nixon, he committed the latter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this paper, I will outline how a seemingly invincible president was crushed down. I will also give nitty-gritty details of Watergate scandal, which is the root of Nixon’s fall down from his office. But let me first provide a brief exposition of Nixon’s autobiographical account of his presidency. The Anthology of Humble Beginnings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nixon started his political journey when he became a part of United States of House of Representatives in 1946. But it was only in 1948 that his name was propelled with respect and adoration in the public eye due to his discovery of Alger Hiss’ conspiracy with Soviet Union. In 1950, he won the senatorial race outwitting Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas, in which he has a well publicized rivalry. During this senatorial race, Nixon was named as Tricky Dick because he labeled the congresswoman as the Pink Lady. (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1952, Nixon achieved new heights in his political career because he was elected as the 36th vice president of our country. But before he assumed this position, he faced a scandal about malversation of public funds, which led the Democrats and the Republicans in requesting President Eisenhower to eliminate him of their party. Nixon being a good speaker convinced Eisenhower and the public that his conscience is clean and that he is indeed credible for the position after reciting his Checkers speech in the television. (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nixon’s journey there were some fiascos along his way. In 1960, he joined the presidential race against President John F. Kennedy, which led to his first disappointment in his political career. He experienced another disappointment after losing his candidacy in the race for Governor of California. (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But in every storm there will always be rainbow. When Nixon successfully established a strong political party in the guise of what he called â€Å"silent majority†, his political comeback is already certain. In 1969, he became the 37th president of the United States of America upsetting Hubert H. Humphrey with less one percent of the poll. His triumph is due to his promise of ending the Vietnam War, in which he fruitfully put into a realization. With his creation of Nixon Doctrine, he delivered peace not only with Vietnam but with China and Soviet Union as well. (3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But everything must come down to its end. And this is exactly what happens to Nixon’s political journey when the Watergate scandal started to come out. This time there was nothing he can do to save his diminishing credibility. The Anatomy of Watergate Scandal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Watergate is nothing but a plain lavish establishment erected in Washington D.C. that doesn’t spell any scandal. But in 1972, it changed our perception of the hotel because it embodies Nixon’s myriad of under the table activities. The beginning of these Watergate activities can be traced back in 1969 when he and Henry Kissinger attempted to stop the leaking of his administration’s shenanigans by wire tapping the phones of several journalists and those officials against who were against him. These Watergate wrongdoings also include the housebreak of Dr. Lewis Fielding in an effort to acquire his psychiatric records, which transpired in 1971; the FBI probing on CBS’ Daniel Horr in 1971; and the investigation of G. Gordon Liddy’s discussion of Jack Anderson assassination also in 1971.(3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But it was in the seventeenth of June 1972 at around two in the morning that all of these activities where discovered, when five of his men were caught burglarizing the Democratic Party’s headquarters located at Watergate hotel.   According to documents, Frank Mills, a guard in Watergate hotel, was doing his inspection of the place when he found a piece of tape preventing a door from latching. He removed the tape, only to found out later that the door was re-taped. Out of curiosity, Mills phoned the police about the matter. At around 2:30 in the morning, five men were caught installing wire tapping paraphernalia and taking pictures of some document causing them to be arrested.(2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These men were later identified as Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Frank Sturgis, and James W. McCord Jr., and proven to have a connection with Nixon. During the arraignment of these burglars, Washington Post’s Bob Woodard overheard some pertinent information from McCord, which led for his own investigation, and later on he discovered that McCord was part of Committee to Re-Elect the President (CRP) security force. As the scandal went on, the link between the Watergate event and the White House was finally established when E. Howard Hunt’s phone number was found in Barker’s notebook. (2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to investigations, Hunt and Liddy served as watchers outside the hotel, wherein both of them were guarding outside the vicinity and communication with the burglars inside Watergate hotel, and later on, it was realized that both were members of â€Å"The Plumbers†. John Ehrlichman was the brainchild of The Plumbers, which is designed to ensure that impossibility of any leakage in Nixon’s office and to destroy the Democrats. (2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nixon’s forces tried damage control through cover-ups, alibis and denials. Jeb Magruder, L. Patrick Gray of FBI along with others obliterated all significant documents and denied all allegations regarding the scandal. In a desperate attempt to control the situation, Nixon asked White House Chief of Staff Robert Haldeman to do his own probing on the case arguing that it might interfere with the CIA operation, but this investigation was planned so that can get hold of the CIA. (2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Woodard along with Carl Bernstein continued there research on the scandal until they found a formidable source inside the White House, whom they labeled Deep Throat. According to their reports, Deep Throat only confirmed all the information that they have gathered with regards to Watergate scandal. In 2005, W. Mark Felt validated that he was behind Deep Throat secret identity. (4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the progression of the scandal, Nixon was re-elected from presidency, and two months after his re-election, the five burglars pleaded guilty while McCord and Liddy were convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and illegal wiretapping in Judge John Sirica’s trial. Things get out of control as time went by. His underlings started to backstab each other, some of them blackmailed him, and worst of all they left Nixon in the verge of his insurmountable predicament. (4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But the biggest mistake he committed happened when he fired Archibald Cox along with some of his subordinate. This incident on the twentieth of October 1973 was known as the Saturday Night Massacre provoked the first serious attempts to Nixon’s impeachment. The first impeachment trial was heard on the ninth of May. But his last straw was pulled out when the smoking gun tape was listened on the fifth of August 1974. The tape disclosed Nixon’s approval to hush money for Hunt who blackmailed him for releasing his part on the Watergate scandal. It also exposed that Nixon asked CIA to speak with the FBI for dropping the investigation on Pigs of the Bay. (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The realization of imminent impeachment led Nixon to file his resignation. But he made sure that his exit will be redeeming. In a national television, he announced his resignation with words of a dignified man by stating â€Å"By taking this action, I hope that I will have hastened the start of the process of healing which is so desperately needed in America.† At the end of his speech, he never admitted any act of wrongdoing. The next day, at exactly twelve noon, he left White House and Vice President Ford filled the left position. And on the eight of September, one month after the televised address, President Ford freed Nixon from all of his political crimes. (2)    BIBILIOGRAPHY: 1.) Elish, Dan The Watergate Scandal Scholastic Library Pub, 2004. 2.) Fox, Steve. â€Å"Revisiting Watergate.† Washington Post 2005. 3.) Shepard, Alicia C. Woodward and Bernstein: Life in the Shadow of Watergate Wiley, 2006. 4.) Woodward, Bob. â€Å"Deep Throat Revealed.† Washington Post 2005. [1] Taken from Nixon’s Resignation Address

Hacienda Tabi - Plantation Archaeology Mexico

Hacienda Tabi - Plantation Archaeology Mexico Hacienda Tabi is a landed estate of colonial origin, located in the Puuc region of the Yucatn Peninsula of Mexico, about 80 kilometers (50 miles) south of Merida, and 20 km (12.5 mi) east of Kabah. Established as a cattle ranch by 1733, it evolved into a sugar plantation that encompassed more than 35,000 acres by the end of the 19th century. Approximately one-tenth of the old plantation now lies within a state-owned ecological reserve. Hacienda Tabi was one of several plantations that were owned by descendants of early Spanish colonists, and, like plantations of the same period in the United States, survived on the basis of near-slavery of native and immigrant laborers. Originally established in the early 18th century as a cattle station or estancia, by 1784 the propertys production had diversified enough to be deemed a hacienda. Production on the hacienda eventually included a sugar mill in a distillery for producing rum, farm fields for cotton, sugar, henequen, tobacco, maize, and domesticated pigs, cattle, chickens, and turkeys; all of this continued until the Mexican Revolution of 1914–15 abruptly ended the peonage system in Yucatn. Timeline of Hacienda Tabi 1500s - much of the Puuc region is part of the Xiu Maya dynasty1531 - Spanish military forces marched into the Yucatn1542 - city of Merida founded by Francisco de Montejo1547 - first Spanish mission founded at Oxkutzcab1550s - encomienda system established in the Puuc1698 - Juan del Castillo y Arrue petitions for a land grant named Tavi to be used as an encomienda1733 - Tabi established as the name of the parcel in the Santa Elena Valley1784 - Tabi designated a hacienda; its owner is Bernadino Del Castillo1815 - Tabi purchased by Francisco Calero y Calero; a land survey commissioned1821 - Mexico achieves independence from Spain1820s - first state laws supporting peonage (debt slavery) system1847 - Caste War (Resistance movement between Maya and Spanish descendants) breaks out1855 - Tabi bought by Felipe Peon1876 - 1911, Porfirio Diaz rules Mexico1880s - narrow gauge rail established in the Yucatn1890s - industrial sugar mill at Tabi1893 - Tabi bought by Eulogio Duarte Troncoso; exten sive renovation of principal buildings undertaken 1900 - Tabi encompasses 35,000 acres and 851 resident laborers1908 - Journalist John Kenneth Turner publishes articles describing slavery on haciendas in Yucatn.1913 - Tabi owned by Eduardo Bolio Rendon Maldonado1914 - Mexican revolution reaches Yucatn, peonage system abolished1915 - Hacienda Tabis village for laborers abandoned The center of the plantation included an area of approximately 300 x 375 m (1000x1200 ft) within a thick wall enclosure of limestone masonry, measuring 2 m (6 ft) high. Three main gates controlled access to the great yard or patio principal, and the largest and main entry frames the sanctuary, which held room for 500 persons. The major architecture within the enclosure included a large two-story plantation house or palacio, consisting of 24 rooms and 22,000 ft ² (~2000 m ²). The house, recently refurbished with long-range plans for the development of a museum, boasts classic architecture, including a double colonnade on the south face and neoclassical pediments on the upper and lower levels. Also within the enclosure was a sugar mill with three chimney stacks, livestock stables, and a sanctuary based on colonial Franciscan monastery architecture. A handful of traditional Maya residences are also located within the enclosure wall apparently reserved for upper-level servants. two small rooms in the lower West and the plantation house were set aside for jailing peasants who disobeyed orders. A small external structure, called the burro building, was, according to oral tradition, used for public punishment. Life as a Laborer Outside the walls was a small village where as many as 700 laborers (peons) lived. Laborers lived in traditional Maya houses consisting of one-room elliptical structures made of masonry, rubble stone, and/or perishable materials. The houses were placed in a regular grid pattern with six or seven houses sharing a residential block, and blocks aligned along straight streets and avenues. The interiors of each of the houses were split into two halves by a mat or screen. One-half was the cooking area including a hearth kitchen and foodstuffs in the second half with the storage bathing area where clothing, machetes, and other personal goods were kept. Hanging from the rafters were hammocks, used for sleeping. Archaeological investigations identified a definite class division within the community outside of the walls. Some of the workers lived in masonry houses that appear to have had preferential placement within the village settlement. These laborers had access to better grades of meat, as well as imported and exotic dry goods. Excavations of a small house inside the enclosure indicated similar access to luxury goods, albeit clearly still occupied by a servant and his family. Historical documentation indicates that life on the plantation for the workers was one of ongoing indebtedness, built into the system, essentially making slaves of the workers. Hacienda Tabi and Archaeology Hacienda Tabi was investigated between 1996 and 2010, under the auspices of the Yucatn Cultural Foundation, the State of Yucatns Secretary of Ecology, and Mexicos National Institute of Anthropology and History. The first four years of the archaeological project were directed by David Carlson of Texas AM University and his graduate students, Allan Meyers and Sam R. Sweitz. The last eleven years of field investigation and excavation were conducted under the direction of Meyers, now at Eckerd College in St. Petersburg, Florida. Sources Thanks are due to excavator Allan Meyers, author of Outside the Hacienda Walls: The Archaeology of Plantation Peonage in 19th Century Yucatn, for his assistance with this article, and the accompanying photo. Alston LJ, Mattiace S, and Nonnenmacher T. 2009. Coercion, Culture, and Contracts: Labor and Debt on Henequen Haciendas in Yucatn, Mexico, 1870–1915. The Journal of Economic History 69(01):104-137.Juli H. 2003. Perspectives on Mexican hacienda archaeology. The SAA Archaeological Record 3(4):23-24, 44.Meyers AD. 2012. Outside the Hacienda Walls: The Archaeology of Plantation Peonage in 19th Century Yucatn. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. see the reviewMeyers AD. 2005. Lost hacienda: Scholars reconstruct the lives of laborers on a Yucatn plantation. Archaeology 58(One):42-45.Meyers AD. 2005. Material expressions of social inequality at a porfirian sugar hacienda in Yucatn, Mexico. Historical Archaeology 39(4):112-137.Meyers AD. 2005. The challenge and promise of hacienda archaeology in Yucatan. The SAA Archaeological Record 4(1):20-23.Meyers AD, and Carlson DL. 2002. Peonage, power relations, and the built environment at Hacienda Tabi, Yucatn, Mexico. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6(4):371-388. Meyers AD, Harvey AS, and Levithol SA. 2008. House lot refuse disposal and geochemistry at a late 19th-century Hacienda village in Yucatn, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 33(4):371-388.Palka J. 2009. Historical Archaeology of Indigenous Culture Change in Mesoamerica. Journal of Archaeological Research 17(4):297-346.Sweitz SR. 2005. On the periphery of the periphery: household archaeology at Hacienda Tabi, Yucatn, Mexico. College Station: Texas AM.Sweitz SR. 2012. On the Periphery of the Periphery: Household Archaeology at Hacienda San Juan Bautista Tabi, Yucatn, Mexico. New York: Springer.